Laminated article



Oct. 29, 1935. w. H. CAROTHERS- ET- AL LAMINATED ARTICLE Filed June 14, 1934 g I 5 z A Wallace llCaro/lzars Gerard ifierclzaf Ralph ll. Jacobson BY INVENTORS Mia-A 1 ATTORN Patented Oct. 29, 1935 LADIINATED ARTICLE Wallace H.

Carothers, Arde Gerard J. Berchet,..

ilmington, and Ralph- A. Jacobson, Arden, Dei., assignors to E. I. du Pont de Nemonrs &

Company, Delaware Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Original application November 11, 1931, Serial No. 574,358. Divided and this application June 14, 1934, Serial No. 130,544. In France and Germany February .28, 1933 7 Claims. ((71. 4981) This invention relates to laminated articles and, more particularly, to so-called safety glass or laminated glass in which the sheets of glass, with or without an interposed sheet, or sheets, of cel-' 55 bile, the solids thus obtained being initially rubbery in nature;' (2) the rubbery solids slowly change into hard, transparent, glass-like, insoluble resins. All of these resin-like polymers are new.

5- lulose derivative plastic composition, are united An object of the present invention is to provide I by a film of a polymer of a vinylethinyl carbinol a new and improved type of laminatedarticle. A and to a method of preparing such laminated further object is to provide a new and improved glass. This application is a division of applitype of laminated glass in which the laminae are cants-copending application Serial No. 574,358, united by means of a film of great strength. A

l0 filed November 11, 1-931, entitled Vinylethinyl still ,ifurther object is to provide a method of maltcarbinol polymers and processes for preparing ing laminated glass wherein the above mentioned same, wherein polymers of vinylethinyl carbinol polymers of vinylethinyl carbinol are employed. and the preparation of same are claimed. Other objects of the invention will be'apparent In the copending application of Carothers and from the descript given he inafte 1 5 Berchet, Serial No. 574,456, filed November 11, The above objects-are accomplished according II 1931, there is described a method of preparing t t present i nt n by unitin tw or more dimethyl vinylethinyl carbinol from monovinyl laminae by means of a film containin a p y acetylene and acetone by means of the Grignard of vinylethinyl carbinol. More particularly, the reaction, the equations being as follows: invention comprises laminated glass composed of om-on-cao-cwwrmn (cum-L CH OH--OECC(OH)(CHI)i-i-MgBrOH H1804 V 25* In the copending application of Carothers and two sheets of glass united by a dim containing Jacobson, Serial No. 574,359, filed November 11, a polymerized vinylethinyl carbinol of the sub- 1931, is described a convenient method of prestantially infusible insoluble, transparent type, par ng this carbinol from monovinyl acetylene or composed of two sheets of glass with an inand acetone by means of sodamide as the conterlayer sheet of cellulose derivative, or the like, 80 densing agent, the reactions being as follows: the sheets being united by interposedfllms of a oHFoH-cECH+NaNH,-+0H,=0H-0E0-Na+NHi on,=oH-cEoNn+omcoom on,=cn-csc-o(om) (0m),

85 onpon-czc -cwm cm), -&-cm=on-0Ec-c(0m (CH9;

I l These methods were extendedto include aldepolymerized vinyfethinyl carbinol. In another hydes and ketones other than acetone and the form the laminated glass may be. composed of a 40 following vinylethinyl carbinols were prepared single sheet of glass united to a reinforcing sheet (0 and described; methyl ehtyl vinylethinylcarbiof cellulose-derivative plastic, or the like,by means nol, diethyl vinylethinyl carbinol, dipropyl vinyl- 01. a film of a polymerized vinylethinyl carbinol. ethinyl carbinol, methyl octyl vinylethinyl car- In the accompanying drawing forming a part binol, methyl vinylethinyl carbinol, propyl vinylof the present application are shown in Figs. 1,2,

ethinyl carbinol, methyl phenyl vinylethinyl carand 3 sectional views of laminated glass accord- 45 binol, diphenyl vinylethinyl carbinol, l-cycloing to specific embodiments of the present invenpentyl vinylethinyl carbinol, and l-cyclohexyl tion. v vinylethinyl carbinol. In Fig. -1 reference numeral l indicates sheets All of these carbinols have been found to polyof glass unit d by a film 2 of a polymerized viny merize readily, and although differing as to rate, ethinyl carbinol. 50 they generally undergo the following tran: 'iorma- In Fig. 2 an alternative embodiment of the intions when subjected to polymerizing influences: vention is illustrated wherein sheets of glass 1 (1) they progressively increase in viscosity beand interlayer sheet 3 of cellulosederivative plascoming less, and less mobile and finally non-mo tic are united by interposed films 2 of a polymerized vinylethinyl carbinol. ll

a reinforcing sheet 1 of cellulose derivative plastic,

or the like, by means of a film 2 of a polymerized vinylethinyl carbinoL The polymerization of the vinylethinyl carbinols is readily effected by the presence of oxygen (air) and/or light. Thus if a vinylethinyl carbinol is exposed to the atmosphere in an open glass vessel, it will polymerize to a glass-like resin during a period of from several weeks to several months. The olymerization may be accelerated by the useof super-atmospheric pressure, by the use of elevated temperature and by the use of suitable polymerization catalysts. The catalysts which are preferred for the polymerization of vinylethinyl carblnols belong to three classes. The first class includes metallic or metalloidal halides of elements of amphoteric or acid forming nature, such as the halides of zinc, iron, aluminum, antimony, bismuth, boron, and tin. A second class consists of oxidation accelerators such as benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, oxidized turpentine and other organic peroxides, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and persalts, such as perborates, percarbonates, peruranates, permonosulfates, perchromates, which persalts are characterized by the atomic grouping 00M where M represents a metal. A third class of polymerization accelerators consists of accelerators of the photochemical polymerization efiect and this class is exemplified by uranyl nitrate.

We have further found that the transformation from monomer to polymer can be controlled to produce polymers corresponding to two general types depending upon the method employed. The first type of polymer is a hard, transparent, glass-like and nearly colorless resin of slight solubility and limited fusibility. Polymers of .this' type are obtained preferably by the action of light upon the carbinol either with or without a polymerization catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide or uranyl nitrate. The second type of polymer is a brown, transparent resin, which in contrast to the polymer obtained by the action of light, is readily soluble and fusible. This polymer is preferably obtained by the action of heat either with or without a polymerization catalyst.

The light polymers can be prepared under a variety of conditions without affecting the essential character of the-final products obtained. By suitable modifications in the method of prepmation, the light polymers can be obtained in varying stages of polymerization ranging from the intermediate polymers, which are soluble in the common organic solvents to hard insoluble resins. The intermediate polymers are potentially reactive and can later be converted to the insoluble modification as needed. The advantages of these properties are obvious since the degree of solubil-.

ity and fusibility can be adapted to conform to the application desired.

The heat polymers can be prepared by heating the carbinol at various temperatures ranging up to their boiling points. Polymerization takes place more rapidly if benzoyl peroxide or an equivalent catalyst is added, or if air is bubbled through the liquid during the heating. The heat polymers can also be prepared directly in solution in such 'common organic solvents as toluene or the monoethyl ether of ethylene glycol. Under these conditions the monomeric carbinol is dissolved in the solvent and heated under a refiux condenser until the desired degree of polymerimtion is attained. The

polymerization in solution likewise proceeds more added or if air is bubbled into the solution. After a few hours of heating, films prepared from the solutions are found to dry rapidly at room temperature; As in the case of the light polymers described above, varying degrees of polymeriza- 5 tion can be obtained by varying the experimental conditions. The more highly polymerized products are obtained by increasing the time of heating and the temperature. The highly polymerized heat polymer is both soluble and fusible as disl0 tinguished from the completely polymerized light polymer which is both infusible and insoluble. The intermediate heat polymers are soluble in the ordinary organic solvents. 7

It will be apparent from the above that, in the 15 manufacture of laminated glass, the light polymer is preferred because it is characteristically nearly colorless and, in thin films, is colorless for practical purposes. Furthermore, it is transparent, substantially insoluble and infusible, and will 20 adhere to glass with phenomenal tenacity when properly applied. However, the heat polymer may also be employed in the manufacture of glass, as, in many uses, the brown color which is. of course, not so apparent in thin films, is not 25 objectionable.

In order to illustrate the invention, the following specific examples are given, showing the preparation of these polymers and the preparation of laminated glass employing these polymers 30 as adhesives or bonding agents:-

Example 1.Preparati0n of insoluble light poly mers from methyl ethyl vinyle hinyl carbinol (a) Fifty grams freshly distilled methyl ethyl 35 vinylethinyl carbinol containing one percent benzoyl peroxide was exposed to a Cooper-Hewitt light. In 72 hours the product was a hard, transparent, pale-yellow, glass-like resin, comparatively infusible and having no appreciable solubility 40 in organic solvents.

(b) Twenty-five grams methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol containing one percent benzoyl peroxide was exposed to a -watt Mazda light. In 4 days, a productsimilar to that described 46 under (a) was obtained.

(0) Twenty-five grams methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol containing one percent uranyl nitrate was exposed to a Cooper-Hewitt light. In '72 hours, a hard, transparent; amber-colored 60 resin was obtained.

(11) Twenty-five grams 'metbyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol containing no catalyst was exposed to a Cooper-Hewitt light. After one week, a hard, transparent, pale-yellow resin was ob- 55 tained.

By interrupting the polymerization before the final hard polymers are formed, syrupy inter- ,mediate products are obtained which are useful as adhesives. A noteworthy property of the in- 60 following example .illustrates the application of the syrupy intermediate polymers for the manufacture of non-shatterable glass.

' Example 2.Salety class A sample 0. methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol was exposed to a Mazda light for 24 hours. The syrupy p oduct was applied to a glass plate as 76 a fllm of uniform thickness and a second glass plate superimposed upon the flrst. Pressure was applied and the plates exposed to light until polymerization was complete. The plates of glass adhered very tenaciously. The syrupy intermediate polymers may also be used to bond sheets of cellulose derivatives to glass.

Example 3.-Preparation of a soluble light polymar from methyl ethyl ninplethinyl carbine! Four hundred grams of methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol was dissolved in 400 g. toluene and 4 g. of powdered benzoyl peroxide added. The solution was exposed at room temperature'to a Cooper fiewitt light for 62 hours. At this stage the solution was still practically colorless but could not be diluted with toluene without separation of resin. No precepitation occurred, however, when the solution was diluted with alcohols, ketones, or esters.

EmmplelP-Preparation of a soluble heat polymer from methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol Two hundred ninety-three grams of methyl ethyl vinylethinyl chirbinol was dissolved in 293 g. monoethyl ether of ethylene glycol and the. solution gently refluxed for 10 hours. A, slow stream of air was bubbled through the solution during the heating. At the end or 10 hours the solution had darkened-somewhat and had increased considerably in viscosi y.

Example 5.-'-Prepamtion of. insoluble light polymers from dimethyl vinylethlnyl carbinol One hundred parts of dimethyl vlnylethinyl carbinol containing one part oi benzoyl peroxide was exposed to a Cooper-Hewitt light. At the end of 48 hours, the product was a hard, transparent, pale-yellow, glass-like resin.

Example 6.-Preparation of a soluble light polymer from dimcthyl vinylethinul carbinol One hundred parts of dimethyl vinylethinyl carbinol was dissolved in parts of toluene and 1 part of benzoyl peroxide added. The solution was exposed at room temperature to a Cooper- Hewittlight. At the end-of '12 hours, the solution was still colorless but had somewhat increased in viscosity.

Example 7.-Prepm'ation of a soluble m poly- 'mer from dimethyl pinylethinul carbine! (a) A solution of 100 parts ofldimethyl vinylethinyl carbinol in 100 parts of monoethyl ether of ethylene glycol was gently refluxed while a stream of air was bubbled into the solution. After three hoursJllms flowed from this solution driedin less thantwo hours. Atthe end of six. hours the solution had darkened somewhat and inereasedin viscosity. Pilinstromthissclution dried very rapidly.

It should be emphasised that the above examsolution. mewisainplaceofbensoylperoxideor uranyl nitrate, other catalysts such as oxidized turpentine ,inorganicperoxide andstannicchIo ride may be substituted. The examples describe processes of light-polymerization at room temperature, but it is obvious that higher or lower temperatures may be used, depending upon the rate of polymerization desired. Inhibitors such as hy- 5 droquinone may be added to the partially polymerized carbinols for the purpose of decreasing the rate of subsequent polymerization or to prevent iurther polymerization, depending upon the amount of inhibitor which is added. Other inhibitors such as pyrogallol, cathechol, p-phenylenediamine, phenyl- -naphthylarnine, etc., may be used. l

Similarly, for the preparation of the soluble heat polymers, solvents other than the mono- 15 ethyl ether of ethylene glycol or toluene may be used. Also, the polymerization can be carried out at higher or lower temperatures, and with or without the addition of catalysts such as benzoyl peroxide. Instead of air, oxygen may be bubbled 20 into the solutions. The time of polymerization may vary considerably depending upon the temperature, solvent, presence or absence of catalyst, amount of air or oxygen employed, and on other I experimental conditions. 25

The effect of light and heat on 'the polymerization and on the character of the polymer has been particularly emphasized due to the great value oi light and heat polymers. The scope oi the invention, however, is intended to include 30 vinylethinyl carbinol polymers however produced.

For the application of the polymers in adhesive compositions, numerous modifications of the above examples are p ssibIe depending upon the type otproduct desired. It is to be understood 3 that the polymers can be employed with him-'- forming materials other than pyroxylin. Also they may be incorporated with natural or synthetic resins, drying oils, cellulose. acetate, ethyl cellulose, soiteners, and the like.

The influence of pressure, oxygen, and catalysts on the polymerization of vinylethinyl carbinols is illustrated in the following examples:-

Example 8.Polpmerization under pressure A sample oi methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol was placed in a press and submitted to a pressure of 6,000 atmospheres at 50 C. for '76 hours. The

-carbinol polymerized to a pale yellow, transparent, non-elastic, resinous solid. 50

in which the air had been displaced by oxygen. In a few days the liquid had thickened considerablyand-after one weelrthe product was a soit, plastic, sticky, pale yellow, transparent solid.

trample 10.--Po lunierization m the presence 01- a catalyst A sample of dimethyl vinylethinyl carbinol was treated with one percent of anhydrous stannic chloride. On standing for several days! a darkas brown, sticky, solid polymer was obtained. Examples 8 to 10 are purely illustrative. Thus, any superatmospheric pressures may be used in lieu of that described in Example 8, although pressures 0! several atmospheres are more eflec- 7 the than the lower pressures. Air may be used in place of oxygen, although its polymerizing effeet is less than that of oxygen, due to its dilution with nitrogen.

The use of pressure during polymerization may 1 be accompanied by the presence of a light, elevated temperature, or oxygen. likewise,

polymerization in the presence of omen or catalystsmaybecarriedoninthepresenceotany other agents which influence polymerisation.

Although the invention has been particularly described with respect to a preferred embodiment, i. e., the lamination of sheets of glas to each other by means of a partially light polymerized vinylethinyl carbinol and subsequently completing the polymerization by expowre to light, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations of this procedure come within the scope of the invention. These polymers may be used with great suoces, not only in laminating glass sheets, but in laminauns sheets of all sorts oi materials including fabric, sheets of cellulose derivative such as cellulom nitrate, acetate, and other plastics. In fact, laminated glass is ordinarily made with an inter layer sheet of cellulose derivative plastic, or plastic or similar properties. Also, some shatterproot glass is made with a single sheet oi glas bonded to a sheet oi. plastic. In all of these laminated articles the polymers herein described make excellent bonding agents.

It is preferred that the lamination procedure -set forth in Example 2 be employed because of the remarkable strength of the bond obtained. Nevertheless, these polymers may be applied dissolved in solvents or according to the other methods employed in the laminating art.

As many apparently widely difierent embodiments of this inventionmay be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims.

We claim:

1. A laminated article comprising two laminae united by a film containing a a polymer oi a vinylethinyl carbinol.

2. A laminated article comprising two laminae united by a film. of a transparent, substantially insoluble and iniusible light polymer of a vinylethinyl carbinol.

3. A laminated-article comprising two laminae united by a film of a transparent, substantially insoluble and infusible light polymer of methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol.

4. .A'laminated article comprising two laminae, at least one of which is glass, united by a film containing a transparent, substantially insoluble and infusible light polymer of a vinylethinyl carbinol.

5. A laminated article comprising two sheets 01' glass united by a film containing a transparent, substantially insoluble and ini'usible light polymer of a vinylethinyl carbinol. v

6. A laminated article comprising two sheets of glass and an intermediate sheet 01' a cellulose derivative plastic, said sheets being united by interposed films containing a transparent, substantially insoluble and infusible light polymer of a vinylethinyl carbinol.

7. A laminated article comprising two sheets oi glass united by a film containing 'a transparent, substantially insoluble and infusible light polymer of methyl ethyl vinylethinyl carbinol.

' WALLACE H. CAROTHERS.

GERARD J. BERCHET. RALPH A. JACOBSON. 

